Courtney Pocock
By Courtney Pocock

Verified review

The average salary in Morocco is best understood as a range rather than a single number, because formal-sector and informal-sector wages differ significantly. For private-sector formal employment in 2026, the average gross monthly salary in Morocco is approximately MAD 8,000 to MAD 9,800 (USD 800 to USD 980), with broader survey averages including informal employment placing the figure closer to MAD 6,000 per month. Morocco’s minimum wage was raised again in 2026 to MAD 17.92 per hour, or MAD 3,422.72 per month for private-sector workers (SMIG), effective 1 January 2026.

Morocco is the largest francophone economy in Africa and a major near-shoring destination for European employers. With a population of 38.1 million, GDP per capita of approximately $10,415 (PPP-adjusted), and projected real GDP growth of 3.5-4% in 2026, the country combines competitive labour costs with a multilingual workforce (Arabic, French, increasingly English), strategic proximity to Europe, and growing tech and IT-outsourcing sectors. Casablanca, Rabat, and Tangier command meaningful salary premiums over the rest of the country, with multinationals concentrated in these three cities.

This 2026 guide to average salary in Morocco covers: official 2026 wage data and 2026 minimum wage updates (SMIG and SMAG), salary breakdowns by industry, city, role, and experience level, the 2026 income tax (IR) reform with the top rate cut to 37%, mandatory CNSS social contributions for both employees (6.74%) and employers (~25.5%), total employer cost calculations, and what international companies hiring Moroccan workers need to budget in 2026.

Average salary in Morocco 2026 overview infographic showing formal sector gross monthly salary range of MAD 8,000 to 9,800 (USD 800 to 980) per CNSS data with Casablanca premium up to 50%, 2026 minimum wage SMIG of MAD 3,422 per month for private sector at MAD 17.92 per hour effective 1 January 2026, SMAG agricultural minimum wage of MAD 2,539 per month at MAD 97.44 per day effective 1 April 2026, IR income tax 6 brackets ranging from 0% to 37%, MAD 40,000 annual tax-free threshold, 22.69% total employer overhead including CNSS and vocational training tax, and 36-month income tax exemption available for under-35 first-time hires

Average Salary in Morocco 2026: Latest Data

Average Salary in Morocco 2026: Latest Data

Salary data for Morocco varies meaningfully by source because the country has a large informal sector that distorts national averages. According to the Moroccan High Commission for Planning (HCP) and CNSS social security declarations, private-sector formal employment averages are as follows in 2026:

Wage Indicator (2026) Value (MAD) Approx. USD
Average gross monthly salary (formal sector) MAD 8,000 to 9,800 USD 800 to 980
Average gross including informal sector MAD 6,000 USD 600
Median monthly income (formal sector) MAD 6,500 to 8,200 USD 650 to 820
Average annual gross salary MAD 96,000 to 117,600 USD 9,600 to 11,760
2026 minimum wage SMIG (private sector, hourly) MAD 17.92/hour USD 1.79/hour
2026 minimum wage SMIG (private sector, monthly) MAD 3,422.72/month USD 342/month
2026 minimum wage SMAG (agricultural, daily) MAD 97.44/day USD 9.74/day
2026 minimum wage SMAG (agricultural, monthly) MAD 2,539/month USD 254/month

Morocco’s 2026 minimum wage was set as the final phase of a multi-year planned increase to improve purchasing power, with the SMIG (Salaire Minimum Interprofessionnel Garanti) for non-agricultural workers reaching MAD 17.92 per hour from 1 January 2026. The SMAG (Salaire Minimum Agricole Garanti) for agricultural workers rises to MAD 97.44 per day from 1 April 2026. Penalties for non-compliance with the minimum wage range from MAD 300 to MAD 500 per violation, with apprentices and small businesses subject to specific exemptions on approval.

The gender pay gap in Morocco is 12.95% according to Paylab.com salary survey data, meaning that women earn approximately 13% less than men across all roles and sectors. The gap is narrower in public sector and education roles and wider in finance, engineering, and senior management positions. Morocco’s 5+ million-strong diaspora is the largest francophone African diaspora globally, and remittances reached USD 11.7-13 billion in 2024 (8% of GDP), exceeding foreign direct investment.

Average Salary by Industry and Sector

Average Salary by Industry and Sector

Salaries in Morocco vary substantially by sector. The country’s tech, finance, energy, and outsourcing industries pay significantly above the national average, while traditional sectors like agriculture, retail, and tourism pay closer to or below the minimum wage. Morocco’s IT industry alone is projected to reach approximately USD 980 million in revenue in 2025, driven by IT outsourcing, software development, and call-centre services for European clients.

Sector / Industry Average Gross Monthly Salary 2026 (MAD)
IT and software development MAD 13,000 to 25,000
Banking and financial services MAD 12,000 to 22,000
Energy and utilities MAD 11,000 to 20,000
Telecommunications MAD 10,000 to 18,000
Pharmaceuticals and life sciences MAD 9,500 to 16,000
Manufacturing (automotive, aerospace) MAD 8,500 to 15,000
Construction and engineering MAD 7,500 to 14,000
Public administration MAD 7,000 to 13,000
Education MAD 6,000 to 11,000
Healthcare (general) MAD 6,500 to 12,000
Customer service / call centres MAD 6,000 to 9,500
Tourism and hospitality MAD 4,500 to 8,000
Retail trade MAD 4,000 to 7,500
Agriculture, fishing MAD 2,540 to 5,500

According to Paylab.com salary survey data, the top-paid positions in Morocco are Chief Executive Officer, Sales Director, Software Engineer, Senior Project Manager, and IT Director. Specific role benchmarks include: a Moroccan IT Architect earns approximately MAD 13,595 per month, a Financial Manager earns approximately MAD 15,744 per month, and a Customer Service Representative earns approximately MAD 7,126 per month. The lowest-paid roles include Tailor, Postal Worker, Nursery School Teacher Assistant, Porter, and Seamstress.

💡 Employsome Insight: Morocco Is a Top Near-Shoring Destination for Europe
Morocco is one of the most cost-competitive near-shoring destinations for European employers, with software engineers earning roughly 15-25% of equivalent French or German salaries while working in compatible time zones (Casablanca to Paris is just 1 hour ahead in winter, same time zone in summer). The Moroccan diaspora and educational ties to France mean French fluency is widespread, and English fluency is rising rapidly in tech hubs. Multinationals hiring software engineers in Casablanca routinely pay 30-50% above the Moroccan median to compete with European employers offering remote work. Budget for senior tech roles in the MAD 18,000-30,000 monthly range to attract and retain experienced talent, even though local averages would suggest lower numbers.

Average Salary by City and Region

Average Salary by City and Region

Salaries in Morocco vary significantly by city. Casablanca, the country’s commercial capital and financial hub, commands the highest wages, followed by Rabat (capital, concentrated in government and large corporates) and Tangier (manufacturing, automotive, shipping). Smaller cities and rural regions pay 20-40% below Casablanca levels.

City / Region Average Gross Monthly Salary 2026 (MAD) Notes
Casablanca MAD 10,000 to 16,000 Commercial and financial capital, multinational HQs concentration
Rabat MAD 9,500 to 14,500 Political capital, public sector and large corporates
Tangier MAD 8,500 to 13,500 Manufacturing, automotive, port logistics, free trade zones
Marrakech MAD 6,500 to 11,000 Tourism, hospitality, services
Fez MAD 5,500 to 9,500 Cultural and educational centre, traditional industries
Agadir MAD 5,500 to 9,000 Tourism, fishing, agriculture
Meknès MAD 5,000 to 8,500 Agriculture, food processing
Oujda MAD 4,500 to 8,000 Eastern region, lower cost of living
Smaller cities and rural areas MAD 3,500 to 6,500 Agriculture, traditional crafts, lower wages

Casablanca premium: For knowledge-worker roles in IT, finance, banking, and consulting, Casablanca commands a clear premium over the rest of Morocco. International employers should expect to pay 30-50% above the national average to attract experienced engineers, financial professionals, and product managers based in Casablanca’s business districts of Maarif, Anfa, Sidi Maarouf, and Casa-Anfa.

Cost of living context: In Casablanca, average monthly rent for a one-bedroom apartment in central districts is typically MAD 3,500 to MAD 5,000, utilities MAD 400 to MAD 700, and core monthly expenses for a single professional approximately MAD 5,000 to MAD 8,000 before discretionary spending. A salary of MAD 9,000 in Casablanca means rent absorbs 35-50% of gross income; at MAD 15,000+, both housing and savings become manageable.

Average Salary by Experience Level and Education

Average Salary by Experience Level and Education

Earnings in Morocco rise predictably with experience and education. Morocco has a strong network of universities including Mohammed V University in Rabat, Hassan II University in Casablanca, and the Polytechnic University of Morocco, plus prestigious grandes écoles like Mohammadia School of Engineers (EMI) and INSEA. Graduates from these institutions are heavily recruited by multinationals.

Experience Level Average Gross Monthly Salary 2026 (MAD)
Entry-level (0-2 years) MAD 4,500 to 7,500
Junior (2-5 years) MAD 7,000 to 11,000
Mid-level (5-10 years) MAD 10,000 to 18,000
Senior (10-15 years) MAD 16,000 to 28,000
Lead / management MAD 22,000 to 40,000
Executive / C-suite MAD 35,000 to 80,000+

Educational level has a strong effect on earnings in Morocco: workers with a university certificate or diploma earn 17% more than those with secondary education, bachelor’s degree holders earn 24% more than diploma holders, and master’s degree holders earn approximately 29% more than bachelor’s graduates. PhD holders typically earn 23% more than master’s graduates, particularly in engineering, finance, and pharmaceutical research roles.

Morocco also offers tax incentives for first-time employees: employees aged under 35 hired on a permanent contract by companies incorporated between January 2015 and December 2026 (with up to 10 employees) are exempt from income tax (IR) for 36 months from the date of recruitment, provided their gross monthly salary does not exceed MAD 10,000. This is a significant incentive for both startups hiring young talent and for the young workers themselves.

Moroccan Income Tax (IR) 2026: Brackets and Reforms

Moroccan Income Tax (IR) 2026: Brackets and Reforms

Morocco operates a progressive 6-bracket income tax system called IR (Impôt sur le Revenu), governed by the Moroccan General Tax Code (CGI) and administered by the Direction Générale des Impôts (DGI). The 2026 tax year introduced significant reforms under Finance Law 2025: the top marginal rate was reduced from 38% to 37%, the tax-free threshold was raised from MAD 30,000 to MAD 40,000 per year (a 33% increase), and tax brackets were broadened to reduce the burden on middle earners.

Annual Net Taxable Income (MAD) 2026 Rate
Up to MAD 40,000 0% (exempt)
MAD 40,001 to 60,000 10%
MAD 60,001 to 80,000 20%
MAD 80,001 to 100,000 30%
MAD 100,001 to 180,000 34%
Above MAD 180,000 37%

The IR is withheld at source by the employer on a monthly basis and remitted to the DGI. The calculation follows a multi-step process:

  1. Start with gross salary (Salaire Brut Imposable, SBI)
  2. Deduct CNSS contributions and AMO health insurance (6.74% of gross, partially capped)
  3. Apply the 20% professional expenses deduction (capped at MAD 30,000 per year, or MAD 2,500 per month). No receipts required.
  4. Subtract the annual tax-free threshold of MAD 40,000
  5. Apply the progressive tax brackets to the remaining net taxable income
  6. Deduct the family dependant allowance: MAD 500 per dependant per year (spouse and children up to 6 dependants), capped at MAD 3,000 per year

Tax incentives for special groups in 2026:

  • First-time employees aged under 35: 36-month income tax exemption when hired on a permanent contract by qualifying companies (gross salary capped at MAD 10,000)
  • Pensioners receiving only basic pension and life annuities: Fully exempt from IR from 1 January 2026 (previously partial exemption); also exempted from annual tax return filing
  • Severance pay: Exempt from IR up to MAD 1 million (since Finance Act 2025); excess subject to IR with possible spreading over 4 years
  • Specific allowances: Transport, meal, and family allowances within specific limits are tax-exempt up to a combined ceiling of MAD 1 million per year
CNSS Social Security Contributions for Employers and Employees

CNSS Social Security Contributions for Employers and Employees

Moroccan social security is administered by the CNSS (Caisse Nationale de Sécurité Sociale), the country’s mandatory social security fund. Both employers and employees contribute, with employers carrying the significantly larger share. CNSS covers family allowances, retirement pensions, unemployment, sickness benefits, and AMO (Assurance Maladie Obligatoire / mandatory health insurance).

CNSS Contribution Component (2026) Employer Rate Employee Rate Cap
Family allowances 6.40% 0% No cap
Short-term social benefits 1.05% 0.52% Capped at MAD 6,000/month
Long-term social benefits (pension) 7.93% 3.96% Capped at MAD 6,000/month
AMO (mandatory health insurance) 4.11% 2.26% No cap
Vocational training tax 1.60% 0% No cap
Total CNSS contribution 21.09% (+ 1.60% training tax) 6.74% Mixed

In total, Moroccan employers contribute approximately 22.69% of gross salary in mandatory CNSS-related charges (21.09% CNSS + 1.60% vocational training tax), with some sources placing the total at 25.5% when accounting for additional professional taxes. Employees contribute 6.74% (4.48% on the capped portion plus 2.26% AMO on the full gross). The MAD 6,000 monthly cap applies only to the social allocations component; AMO, family allocations, and the vocational training tax all apply to the full gross salary with no cap.

CNSS registration is mandatory within 30 days of hiring the first employee. Monthly declarations are filed via the damancom.ma portal, with payslips (bulletins de paie), payroll registers (livre de paie), and employment contracts retained for 10 years. Annual salary declarations (État 9421) are due by 28 February each year.

Total Employer Cost in Morocco 2026

Total Employer Cost in Morocco 2026

For companies hiring in Morocco, the gross salary is only the starting point. Mandatory CNSS contributions, vocational training tax, and any voluntary supplemental health insurance or transport allowances add a meaningful overhead. Below is an indicative breakdown for an employee on a MAD 12,000 monthly gross salary (MAD 144,000 annually), a typical mid-level professional in Casablanca:

Cost Component (2026) Rate / Amount Annual Cost (MAD)
Gross salary 144,000
CNSS employer contribution ~21.09% ~30,370
Vocational training tax 1.60% 2,304
Supplemental health insurance (optional, common) ~MAD 1,000/month ~12,000
13th month bonus (optional, common practice) ~1 month gross ~12,000
Transport allowance (optional, common) ~MAD 500/month ~6,000
Total fully-loaded annual cost ~22.69% mandatory + ~21% benefits ~MAD 176,674 to 206,674

For a MAD 144,000 gross annual salary, the true fully-loaded annual employer cost in 2026 ranges from approximately MAD 176,674 (mandatory only) to MAD 206,674 (with typical Moroccan benefits package), a 23-44% uplift depending on voluntary benefits. Mandatory employer contributions stop at the CNSS and vocational training tax (~22.69% of gross); everything else is optional but highly common for competitive employers.

The largest employer cost variables are 13th month bonus (common but not legally mandatory unless required by collective agreement) and supplemental health insurance (around MAD 1,000 per month, offered by most large employers as a top-up to the basic AMO public health coverage). For competitive multinational hiring in Casablanca and Rabat, both are essentially expected.

How International Companies Hire in Morocco

How International Companies Hire in Morocco

For international companies hiring in Morocco without a local entity, there are two practical options: establish a Moroccan limited liability company (SARL) or use an Employer of Record (EOR).

Option 1: Establish a Moroccan SARL

Setting up a Moroccan SARL (Société à Responsabilité Limitée) requires registration with OMPIC (Office Marocain de la Propriété Industrielle et Commerciale), tax registration with the Direction Générale des Impôts (DGI), CNSS social security registration within 30 days of first hire, AMO health insurance affiliation, opening a Moroccan corporate bank account, and establishing monthly payroll processing (Etat 9421 annual filing required by 28 February). Total timeline: typically 4 to 10 weeks. Ongoing costs include accounting (MAD 3,000 to 8,000 per month), audit for larger companies, and statutory filings.

Option 2: Employer of Record (EOR)

An EOR is a Moroccan-registered entity that formally employs the worker on your behalf. The EOR handles compliant Moroccan employment contracts (in Arabic, French, or bilingual format), monthly payroll with proper IR withholding and CNSS remittance, damancom.ma declarations, vocational training tax payments, AMO enrolment, payslip issuance, and ongoing compliance with the Moroccan Labour Code. Typical setup: 1 to 3 weeks. Typical cost: USD 350 to USD 600 per employee per month on top of gross salary, mandatory contributions, and any voluntary benefits.

For hiring one to ten Moroccan employees, or for short to medium-term projects, an EOR is almost always the faster and lower-risk option. For longer-term operations with 10+ Moroccan employees, incorporating a local SARL eventually becomes more cost-effective.

What International Employers Need to Know

What International Employers Need to Know

Average gross salary 2026 is MAD 8,000 to 9,800 in the formal sector

Private-sector formal employment in Morocco averages MAD 8,000 to 9,800 per month gross in 2026. Including informal sector employment, the broader average is closer to MAD 6,000. For benchmarking against typical formal-sector workers, use the MAD 8,000 to 9,800 range.

Casablanca commands a 30-50% premium for knowledge worker roles

For IT, finance, and professional services roles, Casablanca commands a clear salary premium over the rest of Morocco. International employers competing for senior talent should budget at the higher end of national ranges plus 30-50% for Casablanca-based roles. Tangier and Rabat command smaller but still meaningful premiums.

2026 income tax reform reduced top rate to 37%

Finance Law 2025 reduced the top IR rate from 38% to 37% effective 1 January 2026 and raised the tax-free threshold from MAD 30,000 to MAD 40,000 per year. The 6-bracket progressive system remains, with a 20% professional expenses deduction (capped at MAD 30,000/year) automatically applied.

Total employer overhead is approximately 22.69% of gross salary

Mandatory employer contributions in Morocco are approximately 22.69% of gross salary (21.09% CNSS + 1.60% vocational training tax). Adding voluntary but common benefits (13th month bonus, supplemental health insurance, transport allowance) brings total fully-loaded cost to 35-45% above gross.

Take advantage of the under-35 first-employment exemption

Employees under 35 hired on permanent contracts by qualifying companies are exempt from income tax (IR) for 36 months from recruitment, provided gross salary does not exceed MAD 10,000 per month. This is a meaningful incentive for both employers and young employees.

2026 minimum wage is MAD 17.92 per hour or MAD 3,422.72 monthly

The 2026 SMIG (private-sector minimum wage) is MAD 17.92 per hour, MAD 3,422.72 per month effective 1 January 2026. The agricultural minimum (SMAG) is MAD 97.44 per day or approximately MAD 2,539 per month from 1 April 2026. Penalties for non-compliance range from MAD 300 to MAD 500 per violation.

Consider an EOR for compliant Moroccan hiring

For international companies without a Moroccan entity, an Employer of Record handles CNSS registration, IR withholding, damancom.ma filings, and Moroccan Labour Code compliance automatically. See our Best EOR in Morocco guide for verified provider rankings.

Hire compliantly

Hiring in Morocco?

Moroccan employment requires CNSS registration within 30 days, monthly damancom.ma declarations, IR withholding at source, and compliance with the Labour Code. Navigating SARL setup, the 6-bracket IR system, and 22.69% employer overhead requires local expertise. Compare the top Employer of Record providers for Morocco in 2026 – verified pricing, compliance scores, and expert rankings from Employsome’s independent research team.

Compare Top Morocco EORs

Frequently Asked Questions

Frequently Asked Questions

The average gross monthly salary in Morocco in 2026 ranges from MAD 8,000 to MAD 9,800 (USD 800 to USD 980) for private-sector formal employment, according to CNSS social security declarations and HCP data. Broader averages including informal employment are closer to MAD 6,000. The median monthly income for formal sector employees is MAD 6,500 to MAD 8,200. Salaries are significantly higher in IT, finance, energy, and pharmaceutical sectors, and meaningfully higher in Casablanca, Rabat, and Tangier compared to other cities.

The 2026 Moroccan minimum wage (SMIG, Salaire Minimum Interprofessionnel Garanti) is MAD 17.92 per hour, equivalent to MAD 3,422.72 per month for private-sector workers, effective 1 January 2026. The agricultural minimum (SMAG, Salaire Minimum Agricole Garanti) rises to MAD 97.44 per day from 1 April 2026, approximately MAD 2,539 per month. These rates represent the final phase of a multi-year planned increase. Penalties for non-compliance range from MAD 300 to MAD 500 per violation.

The highest-paying sectors in Morocco are IT and software development (MAD 13,000 to 25,000 per month), banking and financial services (MAD 12,000 to 22,000), energy and utilities (MAD 11,000 to 20,000), telecommunications (MAD 10,000 to 18,000), and pharmaceuticals (MAD 9,500 to 16,000). The lowest-paying sectors are agriculture, retail trade, and tourism. Top-paid roles include Chief Executive Officer, Sales Director, Software Engineer, Senior Project Manager, and IT Director.

Morocco operates a progressive 6-bracket income tax system (IR) with rates ranging from 0% to 37% in 2026 (top rate reduced from 38% under Finance Law 2025). Income up to MAD 40,000 per year is exempt; MAD 40,001 to 60,000 is taxed at 10%; MAD 60,001 to 80,000 at 20%; MAD 80,001 to 100,000 at 30%; MAD 100,001 to 180,000 at 34%; and income above MAD 180,000 at 37%. A 20% professional expenses deduction (capped at MAD 30,000/year) is automatically applied with no receipts required.

CNSS (Caisse Nationale de Sécurité Sociale) is Morocco’s mandatory social security fund. In 2026, employees contribute 6.74% of gross salary (4.48% on the portion capped at MAD 6,000/month plus 2.26% AMO health insurance with no cap). Employers contribute approximately 21.09% (family allowances, social benefits, AMO, and other charges) plus 1.60% vocational training tax, totalling approximately 22.69% of gross salary. The MAD 6,000 monthly cap applies only to social allocations; AMO and family allowances apply to the full gross.

Yes. Employees aged under 35 hired on a permanent contract by qualifying companies (incorporated between January 2015 and December 2026, with up to 10 employees, hired within first 2 years of incorporation) are exempt from income tax (IR) for 36 months from recruitment, provided gross monthly salary does not exceed MAD 10,000. This is a significant incentive for both startups hiring young talent and the young workers themselves. The employee must submit documentation proving this is their first CNSS-registered employment.

Casablanca, Morocco’s commercial and financial capital, commands the highest salaries in the country. Average gross monthly salaries in Casablanca range from MAD 10,000 to MAD 16,000 across knowledge-worker roles, with a 30-50% premium over the rest of Morocco for IT, finance, and professional services positions. Multinational headquarters concentrate in business districts including Maarif, Anfa, Sidi Maarouf, and Casa-Anfa. Cost of living is correspondingly higher, with one-bedroom apartment rent typically MAD 3,500 to MAD 5,000 in central districts.

Morocco ranks among the highest-paying African countries for formal employment, behind only Seychelles and Libya by some measures. The 2026 minimum wage of MAD 17.92 per hour places Morocco 5th out of 33 African countries with statutory minimum wages. Morocco’s GDP per capita of approximately $10,415 (PPP-adjusted), 5th-largest economy in Africa, and strong manufacturing, IT, and finance sectors support wages that significantly exceed regional peers. Morocco is also Africa’s most active near-shoring destination for European employers.

The gender pay gap in Morocco is approximately 12.95% according to Paylab.com salary survey data, meaning women earn approximately 13% less than men across all roles and sectors. The gap is narrower in public sector and education roles and wider in finance, engineering, and senior management positions. Morocco has implemented several initiatives to narrow the gap, including legal protections under the Labour Code, but progress remains gradual compared to EU averages.

An Employer of Record (EOR) handles all Moroccan employer compliance on behalf of international clients. The EOR maintains a Moroccan SARL or PLC entity, registers the employee with CNSS within 30 days, drafts compliant Moroccan employment contracts (in Arabic, French, or bilingual), processes monthly payroll with proper IR withholding, files damancom.ma declarations, manages AMO health insurance enrolment, and ensures compliance with the Labour Code. For companies hiring 1-10 Moroccan employees without a local entity, an EOR is almost always faster and more cost-effective. See our Best EOR in Morocco guide for provider rankings.

Courtney Pocock

Copywriter & EOR/PEO Researcher

Courtney Pocock is a Copywriter at Employsome with 15+ years of experience writing for the HR, corporate, and financial sectors. She has a strong interest in global business expansion and Employer of Record / PEO topics, focusing on news that matters to business owners and decision-makers. Courtney covers industry updates, regulatory changes, and practical guides to help leaders navigate international hiring with confidence. Connect with Courtney on LinkedIn.

Our content is created for informational purposes only and is not intended to provide any legal, tax, accounting, or financial advice. Please obtain separate advice from industry-specific professionals who may better understand your business’s needs. Read our Editorial Guidelines for further information on how our content is created.